The Three Chapters Controversy

Three items condemned by the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553: the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, the writings of Theodoret of Cyrus against St. Cyril, and the letter of Ibas of Edessa to Mari the Persian. All three had been left standing at Chalcedon, and that is what made the question hard: condemning them looked like a retreat from Chalcedon, and leaving them looked like a licence to read Chalcedon as Nestorius would. Justinian condemned them by edict in 544 and the council confirmed it, holding that Chalcedon is to be read through St. Cyril and not beside him. The Latin West took the condemnation as an attack on Chalcedon itself, and the sees of Milan and Aquileia were out of communion with Rome over it for more than a century.